Products related to Pricing:
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Foreign Exchange Option Pricing : A Practitioner's Guide
This book covers foreign exchange options from the point of view of the finance practitioner.It contains everything a quant or trader working in a bank or hedge fund would need to know about the mathematics of foreign exchange—not just the theoretical mathematics covered in other books but also comprehensive coverage of implementation, pricing and calibration. With content developed with input from traders and with examples using real-world data, this book introduces many of the more commonly requested products from FX options trading desks, together with the models that capture the risk characteristics necessary to price these products accurately.Crucially, this book describes the numerical methods required for calibration of these models – an area often neglected in the literature, which is nevertheless of paramount importance in practice.Thorough treatment is given in one unified text to the following features: Correct market conventions for FX volatility surface constructionAdjustment for settlement and delayed delivery of optionsPricing of vanillas and barrier options under the volatility smileBarrier bending for limiting barrier discontinuity risk near expiryIndustry strength partial differential equations in one and several spatial variables using finite differences on nonuniform gridsFourier transform methods for pricing European options using characteristic functionsStochastic and local volatility models, and a mixed stochastic/local volatility modelThree-factor long-dated FX modelNumerical calibration techniques for all the models in this workThe augmented state variable approach for pricing strongly path-dependent options using either partial differential equations or Monte Carlo simulation Connecting mathematically rigorous theory with practice, this is the essential guide to foreign exchange options in the context of the real financial marketplace.
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The Pricing Journey : The Organizational Transformation Toward Pricing Excellence
Innovations in pricing can be transformative, but to reach their potential companies must devote equal attention to technical and organizational capabilities.Most firms, however, only pay attention to the technical dimensions of pricing, which severely limits the success of their initiatives.To remedy this, The Pricing Journey provides an integrated guide to the organizational, social, and behavioral aspects of pricing—drawing on principles of socio-technical change.Based on extensive qualitative and quantitative research in an array of firms around the world, Stephan M.Liozu provides a practical roadmap for management teams that aim to reach a new level of pricing power. Liozu introduces the 5 C model of transformation, which relies on change, capabilities, champions, confidence, and center-led organizational design to create effective and lasting pricing strategies.Rooting his recommendations in research and practice, Liozu proposes specific capabilities to develop on the road to pricing excellence.This book prepares pricing and marketing professionals to be true strategic partners, while contributing the study of pricing transformation.
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Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies : A Comprehensive Introduction
Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies provides a comprehensive introduction to the revolutionary yet often misunderstood new technologies of digital currency.Whether you are a student, software developer, tech entrepreneur, or researcher in computer science, this authoritative and self-contained book tells you everything you need to know about the new global money for the Internet age. How do Bitcoin and its block chain actually work? How secure are your bitcoins? How anonymous are their users? Can cryptocurrencies be regulated? These are some of the many questions this book answers.It begins by tracing the history and development of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, and then gives the conceptual and practical foundations you need to engineer secure software that interacts with the Bitcoin network as well as to integrate ideas from Bitcoin into your own projects.Topics include decentralization, mining, the politics of Bitcoin, altcoins and the cryptocurrency ecosystem, the future of Bitcoin, and more. * An essential introduction to the new technologies of digital currency* Covers the history and mechanics of Bitcoin and the block chain, security, decentralization, anonymity, politics and regulation, altcoins, and much more* Features an accompanying website that includes instructional videos for each chapter, homework problems, programming assignments, and lecture slides* Also suitable for use with the authors' Coursera online course* Electronic solutions manual (available only to professors)
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Asset Pricing : Revised Edition
Winner of the prestigious Paul A. Samuelson Award for scholarly writing on lifelong financial security, John Cochrane's Asset Pricing now appears in a revised edition that unifies and brings the science of asset pricing up to date for advanced students and professionals.Cochrane traces the pricing of all assets back to a single idea--price equals expected discounted payoff--that captures the macro-economic risks underlying each security's value.By using a single, stochastic discount factor rather than a separate set of tricks for each asset class, Cochrane builds a unified account of modern asset pricing.He presents applications to stocks, bonds, and options.Each model--consumption based, CAPM, multifactor, term structure, and option pricing--is derived as a different specification of the discounted factor.The discount factor framework also leads to a state-space geometry for mean-variance frontiers and asset pricing models.It puts payoffs in different states of nature on the axes rather than mean and variance of return, leading to a new and conveniently linear geometrical representation of asset pricing ideas. Cochrane approaches empirical work with the Generalized Method of Moments, which studies sample average prices and discounted payoffs to determine whether price does equal expected discounted payoff.He translates between the discount factor, GMM, and state-space language and the beta, mean-variance, and regression language common in empirical work and earlier theory.The book also includes a review of recent empirical work on return predictability, value and other puzzles in the cross section, and equity premium puzzles and their resolution.Written to be a summary for academics and professionals as well as a textbook, this book condenses and advances recent scholarship in financial economics.
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What is pricing strategy?
Pricing strategy refers to the method a company uses to set the prices of its products or services. It involves analyzing market conditions, competition, and customer demand to determine the most effective pricing approach. Pricing strategy can include various tactics such as cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, skimming pricing, or penetration pricing. The goal of a pricing strategy is to maximize profits while remaining competitive in the market.
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What is the pricing flexibility?
Pricing flexibility refers to the ability of a company to adjust the prices of its products or services in response to changes in market conditions, competition, or customer demand. This can include the ability to offer discounts, promotions, or adjust pricing strategies to maximize revenue and profitability. Pricing flexibility is important for businesses to remain competitive and responsive to market dynamics, and it allows them to adapt to changing economic conditions and customer preferences.
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What is Apple's pricing strategy?
Apple's pricing strategy is based on a premium pricing model, where they set their prices higher than their competitors to reflect the perceived value of their products. They focus on creating high-quality, innovative products and then price them at a premium to convey a sense of exclusivity and luxury. This strategy helps Apple maintain a strong brand image and allows them to generate higher profit margins. Additionally, Apple also uses a skimming pricing strategy, where they initially set high prices for new products and then gradually lower them over time as the product matures in the market.
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Is this pricing policy fair?
The fairness of the pricing policy depends on various factors such as the cost of production, market demand, and the value provided to the customers. If the pricing policy is based on transparent and reasonable factors, and if it allows for a fair return on investment for the company while providing value to the customers, then it can be considered fair. However, if the pricing policy is based on unfair practices such as price gouging or exploiting customer demand, then it would not be considered fair. Ultimately, fairness is subjective and can vary based on individual perspectives and circumstances.
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Pricing in General Insurance
Based on the syllabus of the actuarial profession courses on general insurance pricing – with additional material inspired by the author’s own experience as a practitioner and lecturer – Pricing in General Insurance, Second Edition presents pricing as a formalised process that starts with collecting information about a particular policyholder or risk and ends with a commercially informed rate.The first edition of the book proved very popular among students and practitioners with its pragmatic approach, informal style, and wide-ranging selection of topics, including:Background and context for pricingProcess of experience rating, ranging from traditional approaches (burning cost analysis) to more modern approaches (stochastic modelling)Exposure rating for both property and casualty productsSpecialised techniques for personal lines (e.g., GLMs), reinsurance, and specific products such as credit risk and weather derivativesGeneral-purpose techniques such as credibility, multi-line pricing, and insurance optimisationThe second edition is a substantial update on the first edition, including:New chapter on pricing models: their structure, development, calibration, and maintenanceNew chapter on rate change calculations and the pricing cycleSubstantially enhanced treatment of exposure rating, increased limit factors, burning cost analysisExpanded treatment of triangle-free techniques for claim count developmentImproved treatment of premium building and capital allocationExpanded treatment of machine learningEnriched treatment of rating factor selection, and the inclusion of generalised additive modelsThe book delivers a practical introduction to all aspects of general insurance pricing and is aimed at students of general insurance and actuarial science as well as practitioners in the field.It is complemented by online material, such as spreadsheets which implement the techniques described in the book, solutions to problems, a glossary, and other appendices – increasing the practical value of the book.
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Bitcoin, Blockchain, and Cryptoassets
Bitcoin and blockchain enable the ownership of virtual property without the need for a central authority.Additionally, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies make up an entirely new class of assets that have the potential for fundamental change in the current financial system.This book offers an introduction to cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology from the perspective of monetary economics.
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Machine Learning in Asset Pricing
A groundbreaking, authoritative introduction to how machine learning can be applied to asset pricingInvestors in financial markets are faced with an abundance of potentially value-relevant information from a wide variety of different sources.In such data-rich, high-dimensional environments, techniques from the rapidly advancing field of machine learning (ML) are well-suited for solving prediction problems.Accordingly, ML methods are quickly becoming part of the toolkit in asset pricing research and quantitative investing.In this book, Stefan Nagel examines the promises and challenges of ML applications in asset pricing. Asset pricing problems are substantially different from the settings for which ML tools were developed originally.To realize the potential of ML methods, they must be adapted for the specific conditions in asset pricing applications.Economic considerations, such as portfolio optimization, absence of near arbitrage, and investor learning can guide the selection and modification of ML tools.Beginning with a brief survey of basic supervised ML methods, Nagel then discusses the application of these techniques in empirical research in asset pricing and shows how they promise to advance the theoretical modeling of financial markets. Machine Learning in Asset Pricing presents the exciting possibilities of using cutting-edge methods in research on financial asset valuation.
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The Complete Guide to Option Pricing Formulas
Long-established as a definitive resource by Wall Street professionals, The Complete Guide to Option Pricing Formulas has been revised and updated to reflect the realities of today's options markets.The Second Edition contains a complete listing of virtually every pricing formula_all presented in an easy-to-use dictionary format, with expert author commentary and ready-to-use programming code. The Second Edition of this classic guide now includes more than 60 new option models and formulas…extensive tables providing an overview of all formulas…new examples and applications…and an updated CD containing all pricing formulas, with VBA code and ready-to-use Excel spreadsheets. The volume also features several new chapters covering such things as: option sensitivities, discrete dividend, commodity options, and two chapters on numerical methods covering trees, finite difference and Monte Carlo Simulation. The new edition of The Complete Guide to Option Pricing Formulas offers quick access to: Options Pricing OverviewBlack-Scholes-MertonBlack-Scholes-Merton GreeksAnalytical Formulas for American OptionsExotic Options Single AssetExotic Options on Two AssetsBlack-Scholes-Merton Adjustments and AlternativesTrees and Finite Difference MethodsMonte Carlo SimulationOptions on Stocks that Pay Discrete DividendsCommodity and Energy OptionsInterest Rate DerivativesVolatility and CorrelationDistributionsSome Useful Formulas: Interpolation, Interest Rates, and Risk-Reward Measures This all-in-one options pricing guide contains a numerical example or a table with values for each option pricing formula.The book also includes a helpful glossary of notations, as well as an extensive bibliography of related books and articles.
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How is pricing determined in markets?
Pricing in markets is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. When the demand for a product or service is high and the supply is limited, the price tends to increase. Conversely, when the supply is high and the demand is low, the price tends to decrease. Additionally, factors such as production costs, competition, and consumer preferences also play a role in determining pricing in markets. Ultimately, pricing is a result of the balance between what consumers are willing to pay and what producers are willing to accept.
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How can lifestyle affect pricing strategy?
Lifestyle can affect pricing strategy in several ways. For example, if a target market has a high disposable income and values luxury and premium products, a company may choose to implement a premium pricing strategy to reflect the perceived value of their products. On the other hand, if the target market is more price-sensitive and values practicality, a company may opt for a value-based pricing strategy to appeal to this demographic. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as cultural preferences, spending habits, and purchasing behavior can also influence how a company sets its prices to align with the lifestyle of its target customers.
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How is pricing determined for horses?
Pricing for horses is determined by various factors such as breed, age, training, temperament, health, and performance record. The pedigree and bloodline of the horse also play a significant role in determining its price. Additionally, market demand, location, and the reputation of the seller can influence the pricing of a horse. Ultimately, the price of a horse is a reflection of its perceived value based on these factors.
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What does swollen industrial pricing mean?
Swollen industrial pricing refers to a situation where the prices of goods and services in the industrial sector have significantly increased beyond their normal levels. This can be caused by factors such as high demand, supply chain disruptions, or inflation. Swollen industrial pricing can have a significant impact on businesses, leading to higher production costs and reduced profit margins. It can also contribute to overall inflation in the economy.
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